The thermae

The oldest example of balaneia or public baths dates since the 5th century BC in Olympia, Greece. The standard type was developed in Roman times but public baths in Hellenistic Sicily (Syracuse, Megara Hyblaea, Morgantina and Gela) had already reached an elaborate stage of evolution. If the balaneia in Syracuse are poorly conserved, the North Baths of Morgantina (an inland city with architecture reflecting that of Syracuse on a smaller scale) reveal innovations such as a dome over the circular central hall and barrel vaults constructed with terracotta vaulting tubes in two rectangular spaces. Communal baths heated by a hypocaust also replaced the old practice of individual baths using small amounts of water and portable braziers. These vaults and ingenious heating system may not be directly attributable to Archimedes but they reflect a vibrant scientific culture and a predilection for technological applications in Syracuse that was inspired by and revolved around Archimedes.

Bath basin

Bath basin

3rd century BC

Clay tubes

Clay tubes

Mid-3rd century BC

Compass

Compass

3rd century BC